The mid-17th century showed depicted a clash between the Western-Catholic church and the Easter-Orthodox church.
Gogol was the prominent figure in the Eastern-Orthodox church. He grew up in a family that has been less educated and has not been endowed with a rich intelligence either. He therefore saw his literary talent as a gift from God. He thought early on that he had a calling to be Russia’s spiritual guide. This was further intensified with the tragic death of Pushkin in 1837. Later on, the success of his first volume of Dead Souls further confirmed on him that belief. When the second volume came out, it was full of didactic tendencies and exhortations. It was unappealing to many. It was like that his talent was running out.
He was aware of what was happening to him. He then chose to intensify his religious moods and attempted to influence people as their didactic moral teacher. Later on he wrote “Selected Passages from Correspondence with My Friends”. It was an irritating work with a narrow Orthodox sense. His flirtations with the official Church and official Russia had a reactionary lining which cause consternation among the Westerners and the Slavophiles alike. The letter sent by Belinsky to Gogol was exactly how the Westerners thought of Gogol.
Belinsky belonged to a secularized civilization. His concept of Russia Salvation depended on progress of civilization and growth of human dignity. He didn’t believe in the doctrine of the Orthodox Church, who had always been a flatterer of despotism. He is angered at the tight connection of Christ and the Church that Gogol wants to impress upon. He said that Christ was so pure and a champion of human equality and freedom meanwhile the Church became so dogmatic, hierarchic and had been a defender of inequality and of power.
The distinction between Chaadayev and Gogol is thus made clearer. Chaadayev was from the Western-Catholic while Gogol from the Russian-Orthodox Church. Both were interested in reuniting culture with religion.
Since Belinsky came from a different organization his perspectives were in disagreement with both.
Gogol hurt by Belinsky’s letter wrote a reply. Some of his words were, “you say that salvation of Russia consists in European civilization, but what an immense and limitless word this is! Had you at least defined what one ought to understand by the name of European Civilization? We find it in all sorts of phalanteres… – all of them are ready to tear up each other and all of them full of destructive, principles that each thinking mind troubles in Europe and keeps asking: Where is our civilization?”
Chaadayev and Gogol represent two widely divergent opinions towards the West as well as towards Russia. The quasi-religious outlet championed by Gogol had repelled not only those who had liked his literary work but also the Slavophiles. It was Lewinsky’s Westernism that prevailed among the Russian Intelligentsia.
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The story of the Slav cause is a story of various men who fought with intellect, undying will and love for their cause. Yury Samarin was among those who championed the freedom of the serfs. In 1857 he joined an organization that serves to abolish the system of serfdom. They were badly demoralized upon the death of Konstantin Aksakov.
His brother, Ivan Aksakov, had no hesitation filling-in the role that his brother Konstantin left unfinished. Ivan has been passionate in the pursuit of the cause. He began writing and his works were intense. He was considered as the most enterprising political journalist of the group. His eloquence was superb which drove a lot of interest to many readers. His editorial skills were frail. At times he would write good stuff other times the material were not that great. It was after the Crimean War that he got editing help from Samarin. They establish the newspaper called Den (The Day). The content was most of the time unappealing to the authorities. Their constant attack soon forced authorities to order their closure in 1865. Another newspaper he put up in 1867, Muskvale (Moscow), was also closed down. The last remaining part of his life was spent in the Russ (The Russian Land). He did the editing on his own. The newspaper ran from 1880 to 1885. It was also during this period that he worked on his major literary work. It was a biography of his father-in-law, the poet Tyuchev.
His most prominent contribution to the Slav Propaganda happened in the years 1877-1878. His voice was something to listen to. He championed the liberation of the Balkan Slavs from the Turks. This led some Bulgarians to find interest in putting him in the throne.
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Turmoil in Egypt by Daniel Pipes The Washington Times February 1, 2011
category: Uncategorized
Turmoil in Egypt by Daniel Pipes The Washington Times February 1, 2011 http://www.danielpipes.org/9391/turmoil-in-egypt As Egypt’s much-anticipated moment of crisis arrived and popular rebellions shook governments across the Middle East, Iran stands as never before at the center of the region. Its Islamist rulers are within sight of dominating the region. But revolutions are hard to pull off and I predict that Islamists will not achieve a Middle East-wide breakthrough and Tehran will not emerge as the key powerbroker. Some thoughts behind this conclusion: Cairo’s Tahrir Square on January 25, 2011. An echo of the Iranian revolution: On reaching power in 1979, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini sought to spread Islamist insurrection to other countries but failed almost everywhere. Three decades had to go by, it appears, before the self-immolation of a vendor in an obscure Tunisia town could light the conflagration that Khomeini aspired to and Iranian authorities still seek. Part of a Middle Eastern cold war: The Middle East has for years been divided into two large blocs engaged in a regional cold war for influence. The Iranian-led resistance bloc includes Turkey, Syria, Gaza, and Qatar. The Saudi-led status quo bloc includes Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, the West Bank, Jordan, Yemen, and the Persian Gulf emirates. Note that Lebanon these very days is moving to resistance from status quo and that unrest is taking place only in status quo places. Israel’s peculiar situation: Israeli leaders are staying mum and its near-irrelevance underlines Iranian centrality. While Israel has much to fear from Iranian gains, these simultaneously highlight the Jewish state as an island of stability and the West’s only reliable ally in the Middle East. Lack of ideology: The sloganeering and conspiracy theories that dominate Middle Eastern discourse are largely absent from crowds gathered outside of government installations demanding an end to stagnation, arbitrariness, corruption, tyranny, and torture. Military vs. mosque: Recent events confirm that the same two powers, the armed forces and the Islamists, dominate some 20 Middle Eastern countries: the military deploys raw power and Islamists offer a vision. Exceptions exist – a vibrant Left in Turkey, ethnic factions in Lebanon and Iraq, democracy in Israel, Islamist control in Iran – but this pattern widely holds. Iraq: The most volatile country of the region, Iraq, has been conspicuously absent from the demonstrations because its population is not facing a decades-old autocracy. A military putsch? Islamists wish to repeat their success in Iran by exploiting popular unrest to take power. Tunisia’s experience bears close examination for a pattern that may be repeated elsewhere. The military leadership there apparently concluded that its strongman, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, had become too high maintenance – especially with his wife’s family’s flamboyant corruption – to maintain in power, so it ousted him and, for good measure, put out an international arrest warrant for his and his family’s arrest. Gen. Omar Suleiman – Egypt’s fourth military ruler since 1952? That done, nearly the entire remaining old guard remains in power, with the top military man, Chief of Staff Rachid Ammar, apparently having replaced Ben Ali as the country’s powerbroker. The old guard hopes that tweaking the system, granting more civil and political rights, will suffice for it to hold on to power. If this gambit succeeds, the seeming revolution of mid-January will end up as a mere coup d’état. This scenario could be repeated elsewhere, especially in Egypt, where soldiers have dominated the government since 1952 and intend to maintain their power against the Muslim Brethren they have suppressed since 1954. Strongman Hosni Mubarak’s appointment of Omar Suleiman terminates the Mubarak family’s dynastic pretensions and raises the prospect of Mr. Mubarak resigning in favor of direct military rule. More broadly, I bet on the more-continuity-than-change model that has emerged so far in Tunisia. Heavy-handed rule will lighten somewhat in Egypt and elsewhere but the militaries will remain the ultimate powerbrokers. U.S. policy: The U.S. government has a vital role helping Middle Eastern states transit from tyranny to political participation without Islamists hijacking the process. George W. Bush had the right idea in 2003 in calling for democracy but he ruined this effort by demanding instant results. Barack Obama initially reverted to the failed old policy of making nice with tyrants; now he is myopically siding with the Islamists against Mr. Mubarak. He should emulate Bush but do a better job, understanding that democratization is a decades-long process that requires the inculcation of counter-intuitive ideas about elections, freedom of speech, and the rule of law.
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The USSR is indeed a world leader in mining minerals. Their mining industry leads in the production of coal, oil, gas, wood and peat. This alone can support the entire nation. However, it has also surpassed any production of any nation in terms of iron ores, manganese, chromate, and other metals tht are needed by other industries. It also mines the greatest volume of silver, platinum, gold and diamonds. The deposit of diamonds and gold even exceed the ones coming from South Africa.
Its other sources of power are record holders as well. Its hydro-electric power plant comprises 12 percent of the world’s hydroelectric power source. The Volga at Volgograd turns 22 turbines that have a power output of about 11.5 billion kilowatt hours.
The country has also been blessed with a wide area of arable land. It is estimated to have 550 million acres of cultivable land. This is a hundred million acres more than what is available in the United States. The biggest problem though is converting the digits into farm produce. All the adversaries hinder the country from producing enough food to feed even its own people. Most of the supplies they get are all imported from nearby nations including the United States.
The factors that deter their agriculture success are many. Weather, water supply, and distance are terrible adversaries. To better their chances at success, the government took matters into their hands. Cooperatives and state-run farms were established. Dams and irrigation systems were improved to redirect river waters into the areas that are highly arable. The government also encouraged other agricultural activities like its fur industry.
The agricultural efforts though have harmed the local ecosystem. The 13 years of dam construction met resistance from the citizens. They have observed the pollutive effects of industries spilling chemicals into rivers that were once teeming with sturgeon fishes and unique crustaceans. Leonid Leonov, a revered writer said, “Baikal is not only a priceless basin of living water but also a part of our souls.” The food scarcity of USSR still continues. Whatever the future holds for this mineral giant, may it be for the good of the hungry stomach of its people.
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Are You Ready?
An In-depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness
Cover of Are You Ready publication
Are You Ready? An In-depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness (IS-22) is FEMA’s most comprehensive source on individual, family, and community preparedness. The guide has been revised, updated, and enhanced in August 2004 to provide the public with the most current and up-to-date disaster preparedness information available.
Are You Ready? provides a step-by-step approach to disaster preparedness by walking the reader through how to get informed about local emergency plans, how to identify hazards that affect their local area, and how to develop and maintain an emergency communications plan and disaster supplies kit. Other topics covered include evacuation, emergency public shelters, animals in disaster, and information specific to people with disabilities.
Are You Ready? also provides in-depth information on specific hazards including what to do before, during, and after each hazard type. The following hazards are covered: Floods, Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Thunderstorms and Lightning, Winter Storms and Extreme Cold, Extreme Heat, Earthquakes, Volcanoes, Landslide and Debris Flows (Mudslide), Tsunamis, Fires, Wildfires, Hazardous Materials Incidents, Household Chemical Emergencies, Nuclear Power Plant, and Terrorism (including Explosion, Biological, Chemical, Nuclear, and Radiological hazards).
Are You Ready?, also available in Spanish, can be used in a variety of ways including as a read-through or reference guide. The guide can also be used as a study manual guide with credit awarded for successful completion and a 75 percent score on a final exam. Questions about the exam should be directed to the FEMA Independent Study Program by calling 1-800-238-3358 or by going to training.fema.gov/is.
Also available is the Are You Ready? Facilitator Guide (IS-22FG). The Facilitator Guide is a tool for those interested in delivering Are You Ready? content in a small group or classroom setting. The Facilitator Guide is an easy to use manual that has instruction modules for adults, older children, and younger children. A resource CD is packaged with the Facilitator Guide that contains customizable presentation materials, sample training plans, and other disaster preparedness education resources.
Copies of Are You Ready? and the Facilitator Guide are available through the FEMA publications warehouse (1.800.480.2520). For large quantities, your organization may reprint the publication. Please visit our reprint page for more information.
For more publications on disaster preparedness, visit the Community and Family Preparedness webpage.
FEMA RELEASES “Getting Ready For Disaster” DVD
With the upcoming hurricane season on the horizon, killer tornados and wildfires in the Midwest and south and California floods breaking levies, FEMA announces the release of a new citizen preparedness DVD titled, “Getting Ready For Disaster- One Family’s Experience”. The DVD guides viewers through important steps of disaster preparedness and is a welcome addition to FEMA’s preparedness materials.
* Introduction (Windows Media 6.3MB)
* Get Informed (Windows Media 4.7MB)
* Make a Plan (Windows Media 7.0MB)
* Disaster Supplies Kit (Windows Media 5.6MB)
* People with Disabilities (Windows Media 3.8MB)
* Food and Water (Windows Media 5.8MB)
* Helping Children Cope (Windows Media 5.8MB)
* Get Involved (Windows Media 7.0MB)
A transcript of the videos has been provided for those that are unable to view these files.
Are You Ready? An In-depth Guide to Citizen Preparedness
* Are You Ready Full Document (PDF 21MB)
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Sequestration and offsets
An offset can be produced either by preventing GHG production or by sequestering carbon. Projects that prevent GHG production prevent emissions that would have occurred otherwise. An example would be building a wind or solar power generation system to replace a coal fired electrical plant.
Carbon sequestration means trapping or removing GHG from the atmosphere. There are two ways to sequester carbon: geological sequestration — basically storage of carbon dioxide deep underground; and biological or terrestrial sequestration — the net removal of GHG from the atmosphere by plants and micro-organisms and its storage in vegetative biomass (biological) and in soils (terrestrial).
Things get complicated
It is really important to prevent leakage in cap and trade systems until they systemic reach becomes global. For example, it’s possible for companies to reduce their emission by outsourcing high-emission production to another country or region that is outside the system.
A key problem with emission prevention projects is additionality. For example, someone needs to determine whether a wind power system would have been built anyway even without the investment derived from selling carbon offset credits.
Sequestration projects need to produce measurable results and have some degree of permanence. Protocols or rules need to be developed for every type of offset scheme and application region; landfill gas schemes that work in the tropics may not work in the arctic. Reliable, independent auditors need to validate each project before it starts and verify each result.
Value
There are enormous opportunities for good with offset systems. Many biological sequestration projects involve changes to land use, agriculture, or forestry practices. These could slow or reverse habitat destruction activities such as cutting of rainforest or drainage of wetland.
Also, by effective use of tools like the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), it’s possible to transfer some real wealth and sustainability to developing nations instead of the more expensive alternative of reducing emission or buying credits at home.
However, sufficient value has to be given to these schemes to make them more attractive than the destructive alternatives. Protocols need to be develop to address all of the issues of additionality, measurement, permanence, validation, and verification for each type of offset. Working out these mechanisms is the subject of much study and a hot topic of much international debate right now.
Offset Providers
There are a lot of companies out there offering offsets. Some are a lot like snake oil salesman — you really don’t know what you are getting.
The Manitoba Government, along with Canadian Standards Association (CSA), and the Canadian Climate Exchange has created the Green Registry (http://www.greenregistry.org/) for buying and selling offsets.CSA involvement assures users that the carbon offsets traded are real. Offsets are validated and verified, and each tonne of carbon is serialized. So, once it is sold, it is only sold once. Right now the Manitoba registry is voluntary.
In the near future, the registry will likely be involved in Manitoba’s commitment to the Western Climate Initiative (WCI). Beyond the WCI, it looks likely that North American or global emission trading schemes will be coming. Systems like these will likely require emitters of 25 or even 10 kilotonnes (KT) to report and trade emissions. As an example, the Health Sciences Centre generates 23 KT per year.
However, all of this validation and verification of carbon credits costs money — thousands of dollars per project. So, it doesn’t make sense for municipalities with small landfills, or for individuals farmers to worry too much about trying to make money with cap and trade.
What’s the good of it?
Cap and trade has been valuable in the past. It was first used successfully on a global scale in the battle to shrink the “hole in the ozone.” After 1990, a cap and trade policy got industry to dramatically and quickly reduce the production of ozone-depleting chemicals.
But the ozone problem involved a relatively limited number of companies dealing with the manufacturing of specific chemicals. Greenhouse gases are much more pervasive, come from many more sources, and reducing them is much more complicated. The truth is, cap and trade, emission offsetting, and carbon sequestration can’t achieve our goal alone.
The real danger is over-reliance on any of these. If we treat them as magic bullets and let them do it for us, we will delay the emission reductions that each and every one of us must make. We need to massively reduce our greenhouse gas emissions right now. Otherwise, we may be damaging the planet so badly that it will not be able to feed all of our children.
If we don’t ensure complicated mechanisms like these are just parts of a much broader, more intense and complete system, we may have a lot explaining to do our grandkids before we go.
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SINCE THE ELECTION of President Obama last year, there has been hope that the United States will start to take action against climate change. Lately there’s been increasing talk about cap and trade, emission offsets, and carbon sequestration — especially in talks between the Canadian and U.S. administrations.
But mention any of these terms to most people and their eyes will glaze over. The truth is, these systems can’t win this fight alone. But they could play a valuable role as long as we keep them in perspective and fit them into a much boarder, more intense, and complete system.
Cap and trade
A cap and trade system is intended to provide a mechanism to encourage emitters of large amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) to invest in changes that will reduce their emissions.
In a cap and trade system, large emitter companies will be allowed to produce no more than a set amount of GHG emissions — a cap. The cap will be different for different industrial sectors and it will be reduced on a schedule so that overall emissions continually decrease.
At the end of each year, large emitter companies will report their emissions. The figure shows that for Company 1, actual emissions are less than the cap. Therefore, the amount of emissions are less than the cap earns them credits that they can sell or trade. The emissions of Company 2 are more than the cap, so they will need to buy credits and/or offsets.
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satisfied. He had the prisoners roasted alive on a spit, one by one. As each neared death, his head was lopped off Peter himself reputedly participated in this grisly finale.) Then he had the heads impaled and placed throughout Moscow to rot.
For all his barbaric behavior, Peter continued to believe that Russia should be modernized. He began symbolically, compelling Russians to adopt the Western styles of dress he had observed in Europe. Men were ordered to shave their beards or else pay a tax; Peter even assisted in the barbering of some noblemen. Short coats were to be substituted for the long Russian caftan; women were to shed their veils and attend parties in the tight-waisted, deeply cut gowns worn by French ladies.
His other reforms were more practical. He encouraged the construction of factories, founded schools of mathematics, navigation, astronomy, politics. He started the first Russian newspaper, ordered the printing of 600 books and built a theater in Moscow on Red Square.
He modernized the Army to enable it to cope with continuing foreign invasions. After Russia lost 10,000 men and most of its artillery against a much smaller Swedish force in the Battle of Narva in 1700, Peter rebuilt his Army in a single year. He instituted new standards of discipline, ordered training for the battle rather than for parade-ground maneuvers and ares his troops with English-made flintlocks to replace the swords, lances and halberds they had previously carried. He even ordered church bells melted down to cast new artillery.
Eight years later the Swedes, who had postponed further conquests of Russia while invading Poland and Saxony, returned. They moved into the Ukraine and there, in 1709, were destroyed in what is considered one of history’s most critical encounters, the Battle of Poltava. Sweden was forced to give Russia its lands on the eastern shore of the Baltic — the European mainland — and the threat of Swedish domination of Northern Europe was permanently ended.
After this victory Peter continued to refine his Army; he also brought the Church under state control and reorganized the civil service, setting up 14 grades, to which anyone could aspire. Even a peasant, properly schooled, could rise from the 14th grade to the first. Moreover, every civil servant above the 11th grade automatically became a member of the gentry, gaining the right to own land and serfs; above the eight grade, such status became hereditary. Traveling this egalitarian route to advancement, Ilya Ulianov, son of a serf and father of the 20th Century revolutionary known as Lenin, climbed the ladder to the fourth grade, becoming a hereditary member of the gentry. Thus Lenin himself was technically an aristocrat.
With the final victory over Sweden, Peter at last acquired his “window on the West,” a safe, year-round route through the Baltic Sea to the rest of Europe. In expectation, he had already begun to built a port, the city now called Leningrad but originally named for Peter’s patron saint, and thus in a way for Peter himself: St. Petersburg. It would seem to have been set on the worst possible — marshland at the mouth of the Neva River, where it flows into the Gulf of Finland.
Peter imported a multitude of French and Italian architects and artisans and proceeded at top speed. Tens of thousands of peasants, prisoners of war and Army recruits were dragooned for labor. Often they dug with their hands, slept in the open and drank stagnant marsh water. So many died that the city was said to have been built on bones. In nine years, however, Peter had his great city — a metropolis of thousands of buildings. He proclaimed it Russia’s capital.
Peter’s own palace was a modest wood building next to the naval headquarters, where he often took his meals, dining on rations of smoked beef and beer. However, his suburban Summer Palace on the banks of the Neva River, Petrodvoretz (also called Peterhof, a German name), was a 14-room mansion surrounded by elaborate gardens and spectacular fountains.Some of these waterworks catered to Peter’s delight in practical jokes: “Surprise” fountains sprayed water in the unwary when they happened to step on a particular stone.
It was at Petrodvoretz that the Tsar had a tragic confrontation with his only living son. Alexis had been born to Peter’s first wife, a woman he never liked; eventually he banished her to a convent, in effect divorcing her. His second wife, with whom he lived for 23 years, was a commoner. They had 12 children, but only two survived childhood. Both were girls.
Alexis, the logical successor, was the
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She was christened in childhood with a lash, torn to pieces, scorched. Her soul was trampled by the feet, inflicting blow upon blow, of Pechenegs, Varangians, Tartars, and our own people—much more terrible than the Tartars.
In these few lines from a poem published in 1963, Yevgeni Yevtushenko conveyed the history of Russia and, by extension, the history of the Soviet Union. A land unprotected by natural barriers, it has suffered invasion after invasion – from the east by Pechenegs, Tartars, Khazars and countless others, from the north and west by Varangians, Swedes, Lithuanians, Poles, French and Germans. It has been oppressed by native rulers, who have included some of the cruelest tyrants the world has known. Such a history explains why the Russian people seem so passionately possessive of their land, so distrustful of foreigners, so submissive to authoritarian rule. “Russia’s endurance became famous,” wrote Yevtushenko. “She did endure.”
The story begins in about 1000 B.C. with the Cimmerians, primitive farmers of the plains north of the Black Sea. Around 700 B.C. they were overrun buy the first Asiatic horsemen, the Scythians, another long-vanished people, who left behind in burial mounds a fortune in golden ornaments – diadems, necklaces, bracelets, rings, earrings – that today are national treasures.
The Scythians in turn yielded to a new group of Asiatic nomads, the Sarmatians, and these were followed by the Goths and then the Huns; under their leader, Attila, the Huns went on to terrorize much of Europe, rampaging as far to the west as Orleans, where they were at last defeated by Visigoths and Gallo-Romans in 451 A.D. In the wake of the Huns came the Avars and then the Khazars.
The Khazars were traders, and among the peoples they dealt with were the Slavs, a group of slash-and-burn farmers and fur trappers living in the forested area of present-day Kiev, Novgorod and Moscow. Little is known of their earlier history. Related to other Slavic peoples of Central Europe, these Eastern Slavs waited out the Scythians, Sarmatians, Huns, Avars and other conquerors to become the enduring Russians, a name they acquired in roundabout fashion during the 9th and 10th Centuries.
The name was a Norse gift. Scandinavian traders, the Varangians, using the inland waterways of the Volkov and Dnieper Rivers to reach the rich market of Byzantium, passed right through the Slavic heartland. In time these Norsemen, one group of whom are believed to have been called the Rus, established trading posts in the Slavs’ territory.
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