Altogether , the changes in the Party Statutes did not mean that the Soviet Party system had changed overnight and become fully democratic in what might be perceived in the western model or comprehension. Everything must be placed in context of what went before and indeed what may come to be. However the movement was certainly away from the edicts of Stalinism as well as the culture and practice of the Gulag. The publication of the groundbreaking book of record "A Day in the life of Ivan Denisovich" was more than telling.. The book was quickly published and republished. Such a tale and novel could not even of been whispered previously without the telling awakening in the Siberian Gulag himself. As Ivan noted at the end of the day full of misfortune , endless cold and corruption with half finished building projects littered wastefully across the landscape that in then end "they" could not take your personal pride in your work away from you. All in all he remarked that it had not been a bad day evoking the question from the reader - that if that was a good day - then what could a bad or even poor day be ?
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Party members can be said to enjoy the rights , privleges and rights to discuss openly and question party policies as well as practical acitivies at Party meetings and in the Party press , and to introduce motions openly to express and upholdon opnion until the organization has adopted a decision. The pertinent new words were "feelely" and "openly". It should be more than noted however that the last phrase was the very phrase and example that the Party called "democratic centralism" .
Extending the right of every card carrying member the new statutes also worked to make it somewhat safer for the average party member - be they Ivan or Boris - to do so. Punishments for willfull supression had been remarkedly increased to include expulsion from the Party itself. The theory was therefore that bosses at each level were more accountable to the ordinary rank and file Party members. The old statues had allowed Party members to " address , question statements or proposals made by Party leaders and hierarchy at every level."
Now that had been streched to include specific rights and privleges to demand answers at each point and substance of any address or proposal.
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Although Al-Qaeda had no hand in supporting or establishing the Islamic Union of the Mujahadeen of Ogaden, it generally more than loant its support to that group. The Mujahadeen of Ogaden group or organization is largely based in the areas of Western Somalia. Gradually over time , and energies , the mujahadin’s capabilities increased and when they struck in the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa on July 8 , 1996. In that planned and coordinated attack they had planned to assassinate both the transportation minister and Abdul Majeed Hassan , the Ethiopian’s government representative in the Ogaden. In mid 1997 various Islamist groups formed a five member alliance - Oromo-Somali-Afar Liberation Alliance (OSALA) - also the Islamic Union of the Mujahadeen of Ogaden - which brought together the Islamic groups of Somalia , Western Somalia and Ethiopia. Their stated aims were to “replace the (then) present minority rule with a government of the majority putting to end the centuries of “Christian domination” , and Judeo-Christian ideological hegemony”
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In previous years - specifically in the year of 1994, the Ethiopian government specifically requested other “Chrisitian” communities to “interfere” miliarily in the Ogaden , and attempt to completely wipe out the mujahadeen. So America and Eritrea became more than directly involved in the battle and conflict. This stage saw American jets take off from the Indian Ocean bombing the Mujahadeen positions for hours and hours at a time while Eritrean soldiers were firing their fixed cannons and tanks at the domicile and strategic targets and various locations of the Mujahideen. It was quoted in the field ” that we planned to use the militia and militia war strategies and to avoid large scale confrontations and battles with the enemy particularily as the Eithiopean forces along with their American and Israeli allies had stages a broad attack on the mujahadeen both through land and sea in 1994.” There appeared to be large scales and amounts of American experts who were training the Eithiopean army in all aspects.
The NIF supported nearly a dozen Eritrean Islamist and other opposition forces beginning in the 1990’s including the Eitrean Islamist Jihad Movement , Eitrean Liberation Front. Eitrea Kunma Movement and the Red Sea Democratic Movement. In retaliation , Asmara severed diplomatic relations with Khartoum permitted the Sudanese opposition, the National Democratic Alliance to open an office in the former Sudanese embassy in Asmara. Al Qaeda also sought to establish links with other African Islamist parties and armed groups especially in 1992- 96. The plight of the Moslems of the Ogaden, an area situates South East of Ethiopia , with Kenya to the South, Somalia to the East, and Djibouti to the North , came to the direct attention of Osama , shortly after he established himself in Khartoum in December 1991. It is an exclusively Moslem area with a long established history of both hostility and conflicts with “outsiders”. It is an area where both Arabic and Somali languages are spoken. Because and as a result that is a “lawless” region beyond the reach of government and governmental agencies Osama was more than quick to establish a vital presence there.
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Sphere: Related ContentThe Horn of Africa and the Red Sea , regarded by the Islamists as “theirs” and “their ” region and regions are more than likely to witness increased activity in the coming years as Islamists seek in their minds to counter external influences.
The catalust for the more than five fold Islamist strategy is
1) the effective effort on the part of the Islamic jihad and da’was tides in the African Horn
2) The education of the Muslim populations and their awareness of the extent of the conspiracy and plotting and planning of the Christians both in the region directly and internationally
3) The possibility of establishing a Somali government capable of maintaining a political balance
4 ) The alertness of some of the Arabic countries to the danger and dangers of a “Jewish “ or “Zionist entity ” presence in the region - this will help to review their position with providing support to the people of the region
5) The efforts of the “Palestinian Jihad” will also Insha’Allah plays an external role in upsetting the security of the Jewish government as well as to restrain , confine and limit its external influence
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Sphere: Related ContentWhile in Khartoum , Osama bin Laden , reportedly developed a close working relationship with Sheikh Arafa, the then leader of the “political wing” of the Eritrean Islamic Jihad Movement , who was living in a guesthouse in Khartoum. In the now familiar pattern , shades of what was to come, Al Qaeda went on to train several hundred of the Movement’s members in its Sudanese and Afghan camps and facilities and provided money to further the group’s operations against the Eritrean government. While in Sudan Al Qaeda donated $ 100,000 specifically to upgrade and improve its military activities. For laison between the two groups the Eritrean Jihad movement appointed Muhammed Al-Kheir, one of its leaders who was close to Abu Ubadiah al-Banshari. Within Al Qaeda. the Eritrean Islamic Jihd movement is known as Jamal Jihad. Islamists in the region believe strongly that the “Horn of Africa” is facing as serious Christian onslaught , and Al Qaeda’s response to events in Yemen,Somalia , Kenya and Tanzania is triggered by these perceptions.
Indeed Abul Bara’ Hassan Salman noted at the time ” As for the latest Christian onslaught being led by America , its scenario its secenario is being executed by the puppet regimes in the region. This onslaught is also an attempt to impose the sovereignty of the Christian minorites in the regions in order to ascertain the strategic security and econonomic needs of the imperialists. As a result and following the downfall of the former Mengistru regime in Ethiopia and the Siyad regime in Ethiopia , not withstanding that these regimes followed the “Eastern Bloc” , America arranged the scene of events.
America arranged the scene of events to follow -
1) giving rule to two Christian rebel groups both in Eritrea and Ethiopia
2) Splintering of Somalia and the incitement of tribal wars in order to create opportunities where both Eritrea as well as Ethiopia would be in a state of disorder - in order that the imperialist Americans could take full advantage of the battles and disorder to take full and complete advantage to further and fulfill their own deisres and plans in the absence of Islamic balance in the African Horn, which Somalia represents in one respect : declaration of economic and diplomatic siege along with media misrepresentation about Sudan , so that the balance can break up completely in all the extemities of the region.
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Sphere: Related ContentThese “liberal ” innovations arose from the leaders of the times inherent realizations that the Party must have to adapt itself to the then changing conditions of the time within the Soviet Union and its empire. It seemed to be that the ever- increasing complexity of Soviet economic , scientific and intellectual development demanded a comparable growth of more than well trained responsible and imaginative core group who made and continued to make the whole system chug along/
The new Statues opened with a declaration that all party work was a continued to be Leninist norms in inherent nature. These were defined in terms of “collective leadership” and “collective leaderships in nature”. Along with this went more than comprehensive developments of “inner-party democracies”. Further the developments of “activeness and initiative as well as initiatives” of “criticism and self-criticisms” were more than emphasized as well as extrapolated.
These norms were not new in themselves but were receiving growing emphasis , in an ongoing enligthened manner and forms , since the death of Stalin. What was more than important and indeed exceptional was their very entrenched appearence as formal statement , indeed statements of fact as the formal principles that were given to govern them all along as the Party’s very basis and basis of its work.
So too , certain changes in the Statute articles give these Leninist norms extreme significance in a manner that they never enjoyed before.
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The new Party Statutes adopted at the Congress, embodied important , at the time referred to as “Liberal” innovations and concretly expressed the Party’s “Democratic” “innovations”. These statutes were considered to be the fundamental law and the very basis of law and orderly rule. In the Russian mindset stability of home, country and political scene were the most important and treasured fundamental. At the time every single one of the 9,716,000 Party members were obliged to study these laws and inherent fundamental rules carefully in detail and to be guided by their very precepts and orders. Thus their significance for the Party thought , practices and daily practices can hardly be exaggerated or taken for granted
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Sphere: Related ContentTotalitarianism” the intellectuals claim that it is all in the name of “democracy” and “democratization”. The truth is somewhere in the range that the Soviet Communists have taken significant steps toward “liberalizing” party and Soviet practices . This evolution towards democracy continues to march onwards and upwards. It has profoundly altered interests and practices , none withstanding.
Collective leadership , first under Malenkov, then under Khrushchev repudiated greatly Stalin;s techniques of government by extreme terror. Denouncing Stalin’s “cult of personality” - meaning his refusal to to recognize any law higher than his own bloody caprice - Khrushchev in his now famous “Secret Speech” ushered in a new era. Terror largely gave way to persuasion, arbitrary violence to government by law and rules. With the extensive de-Stalinization proceedings at the Twenty-second Congress five years afterwards the Party surpassed all previous attempts to sponge away the taints of Stalin’s autocracy.
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The “Liberal ” innovations of those times arise from the leader’s realization that the Party must , at that point in time and it’s history must of had to adapt to the then changing as well as challenging conditions within the then “Soviet Union”. It seemed to be that the ever-increasing complexity of the Soviet economic, scientific and intellectual communities would demand a more than comparable growth of well trained responsible and even imaginative people who could make the system work , grow and even flourish - all of this with a very high degree of efficiency. What was not seen , nor perceived in any manner at that point was how the system would crush under its own weight of lack of inertia - in any forward progressive manner and in its own manner be corrupt and dead weight. In time the system would decay and collapse of its own merits or lack of same. It may have been a sea change of course , by a giant sea liner , but in the end it was for more than all of naught. A terrific waste of time , energy and human talent. If it was not for the great amount of Soviet Oil reserves , their value and the great amount of foreign currency that these petrodollars and hard currency - it would of happened in a flash - much much sooner in time
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Sphere: Related ContentIt can be said that collective leadership , first under the authority of Malenskov, then under Kruschev repudiated Stalin’s technique and techniques of government by terror. Denouncing Stalin’s “Cult of Personality” - which can be more than interpreted to mean his refusal to recognize any law higher than his own word , thoughts and preferences of his own bloody and demanding caprice - Krushchev , in his more than famous “secret speech” of 1956 , ushered in a new era at that time. Terror largely gave way to “persuasion” and the good of the masses or of “Mother Russia” of the artbritrary chosen violence of the government. Within the extensive de-Stalininazation proceeedings of the Twenty Third Congress five years afterward the Party surpassed all previous efforts to sponge away the taint of Stalin’s autocracy.
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While the West continues to speak of “Soviet tolalitarianism”, the leaders and writers of the Soviet Communist Party had boasted more and more loudly that the party was being “democratized”. The truth was that the Soviet Communist s had indeed taken significant steps towards “liberalizing” party practices. This evolution toward what was considered “democracy” had already had incalculable and even calculated effects within and inside the Communist party at that time. It had also profoundly altered the relationship and relationships that had existed at that time between the Soviet Party itself and its satellites in Eastern Europe. These developments obviously led to major effects as well as inherent challenges.
At that time events at the Twenty Second Congress of the “Party” ( October 1961) in a manner dramatically marked events at the most recent stages in the trend towards what was considered ” the trend towards liberlization” , a trend which had its major roots in a fundamental dichotomy of Communist thought , background , theory and theories. Lenin , the father of the “party” , on the one hand fiercely committed to democracy and its values and individual liberties , and on the other hand yet to the absolute authority , without question of any type or kind , to the absolute authority fo the Party’s Central Committee.
It can be said that democratic values took short shift from Stalin, who focused the attention solely only the aggradnizement of his own personal authority as well as image. Only with his death in March 1953, and Lawrenti Berla’s removal from power three months later was the inherent structural balance at least partially redressed.
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The Hezbollah-Al Qaeda relationship with a strategic partnership indicative of a major shift om terrorist thinking / planning. Throughout the 1990′2 ethonationalist Muslim groups were supplanted or fell under the influence of Muslim groups, therby paving the way for further and deeper ideological tolerance and intergroup cohesion as a mean of confronting a “common enemy”. This interesting (?) development was not confined to the Middle East , Shia and Sunni groups also cooperated in Asia, the first sign of this being seen in links between Hezbollah and Al Qaeda associate groups such as Moro Islamic liberation front (MILF), which facilitated and supported Hezbollah’s operations in the Asia-Pacific in the late 1990′2. The disruption of a Hezbollah cell in Singapore in 1998 and arrest of Hezbollah operatives in 1999 and 2000 in the Phillipines is compelling evidence of this new cooperation. The arrest at Pandu Yudhawinata, an Indonesian Hezbolah operative at Manila’s domestic airport was the direct result of the monitoring of the MILF liason officer Abdul Nassar Nooh;s communication with Islamic charities connected with Hezbollah in the Phillipines. Furthermore Hezbollah’s plans to recruit Malaysians and Indonesians to conduct terrorist attacks in Australis and Isreal have been detected. Trilateral cooperation between the US, Israel and the Phillipines also led to the arrest of Malaysian based hezbollah leader Hisham ( alias Jaafar) , who was planning terrorist attacks on South East Asia.
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These arrests did not deter Al-Qaeda. Instead of infiltrating an operation from the Occupied Territories into Israel , Al Qaeda dispatchched Richard Reid, the “shoe bomber” , to Tel Aviv with the intention of striking inside Israel itself. From July to December 2001 his travel included London, Amsterdam , Tel Aviv, Cairo, Pakistan , Afghanistan , Brussels and Paris . His visit to Israel was exposed accidentally when in January 2002 Wall Street reporters purchased a computer in Kabul containing several thousand files , one of which also referred to various journeys by Abdul Ra’uff, Al Qaeda’s alias for Mr. Reid. The explosive he used also links him to cooperation with Palestinian groups, each of his shoes contained 4 ounces of Pentaerythritol (PETN) , the latter being used as an explosive extensively by Palestinian Jihad/Hamas.
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Sphere: Related ContentHindawi , allegedly trained by Al Qadeda in the Durante camp in 1998, was recruited while he was living in Lebanon. At the time of his arrest in Feb 2000 , his father was the chief of police in Palestinian police in Hebron. While trying to recruit members for his cell, Ukal was detained in Rafah, in the southern Gaza Strip on June 1 ,2000. Investigations uncovered that he had gone for “religious training” in Pakistan in 1997 but recruited by an Al Qaeda associate group there and trained in Afghanistan. Uka’s Al Qaeda agent handler asked him to set up a support infrastructure via recruitment including Israeli Arabs. Upon his return to the Gaza Strip Al Qadea handlers in Jordan and Britain kept in touch with him by email. Ukal was also met by the spiritual leader of Hamas Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. Ukal was indicted by a military court at the Erez Crossing in the Gaza Strip and charged with planning ” a large scale attack in the center of the country, recruiting suicide bombers and planning attacks on Israeli Defence Force Soldiers”.
Sphere: Related ContentAl Qaeda has forged ties with Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, given the many Palestinians who went to Afghanistan and rose to important positions within that organization. While Azzam was neither a member of Fatah or Hamas, he funded the latter during the formative years. However, according to a leading specialist om Al Qaeda, Palestinian groups were reluctant to co-operate with Al Qaeda because of its habit of absorbing any organization that gets to close to it. He added “For example - Look at how the Egyptian groups were absorbed and Osama gained almost total control of them”. There are several charities based in Sudan and Pakistan Islamic Jihad. For example the intelligence community has monitored one such charity in Islamabad in order to determine whether the funds were transferred from it to Hamas.
The Israeli security and intelligence services - Shib Bet and the Mossad - believe that Al Qaeda has infiltrated the Occupied Territories and that it is only a matter of time before it mounts an operation against Israel. A number of Palestinians mainly from Jordan ( including until his detention in March 2002, its chief of operations Abu Zubaydah) serve in Al Qaeda. Records seized in Afghanistan in late 2001 , reveal that it has been training Palestinians. However up till now , only Hindawi a Palestinian whose family comes from Halhul and Nabil Ukal , a 27 year old Palestinian from the Jabaliya refugee camp in the Gaza Strip have been arrested on suspicion of being members of Al Qaeda.
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